Profiles of Wisdom

Introduction

Wisdom is one of humanity's most cherished virtues, representing not just knowledge but the application of that knowledge in a manner that is ethically sound and beneficial to society. Throughout history, wisdom has been pursued by philosophers, sages, religious leaders, and everyday individuals seeking to lead meaningful lives. From Aristotle’s concept of phronesis (practical wisdom) to the wisdom literature of the Bible, wisdom has been recognized as an essential element of human flourishing.

This paper will explore different aspects of wisdom, including its definition, types, characteristics, and historical profiles of wise individuals. Furthermore, it will discuss how wisdom is both personal and collective, and how it is applied in modern society. By understanding the diverse nature of wisdom, we can better appreciate its role in fostering human dignity, ethical decision-making, and personal well-being.

Defining Wisdom

What is Wisdom?

Wisdom has been defined in numerous ways throughout history. At its core, wisdom can be seen as the capacity to apply knowledge and experience in a manner that fosters well-being for oneself and others. It involves understanding the deeper principles of life, such as morality, justice, compassion, and humility. Unlike mere intelligence or cleverness, wisdom encompasses ethical discernment and a long-term perspective on actions and consequences.

The philosopher Socrates famously said, “I know that I know nothing,” which reflects the humility inherent in wisdom. Wisdom is not about knowing everything, but about recognizing the limits of one's knowledge and being open to learning.

Philosophical Definitions of Wisdom

In philosophical traditions, wisdom is often associated with the Greek concept of sophia, meaning deep understanding or theoretical knowledge. Aristotle further distinguished between sophia and phronesis (practical wisdom). While sophia relates to universal truths, phronesis concerns itself with navigating day-to-day challenges with sound moral judgment.

The Stoic philosophers, such as Marcus Aurelius and Seneca, believed that wisdom was the ultimate virtue, leading to a life of tranquility and alignment with nature’s order. Stoic wisdom involves self-control, resilience, and acceptance of things beyond one’s control.

Psychological Definitions of Wisdom

From a psychological perspective, wisdom is viewed as a complex trait encompassing cognitive, reflective, and affective dimensions. Psychologist Robert Sternberg’s balance theory of wisdom defines it as “the ability to balance self-interest, the interests of others, and larger societal concerns when making decisions.” Wisdom is thus about finding a balance between competing values, emotions, and social interests.

Research also shows that wisdom is closely tied to emotional regulation, empathy, and a tolerance for ambiguity. Wise individuals are better able to navigate life’s uncertainties and complexities, helping them to make more compassionate and considered decisions.

Types of Wisdom

Wisdom is not a monolithic concept, and different types of wisdom are recognized depending on context. These types often overlap, but it’s helpful to distinguish between them to better understand how wisdom manifests in various aspects of life.

1. Practical Wisdom (Phronesis)

Practical wisdom is the ability to make sound decisions in real-world situations. It involves knowing what to do and when to do it, particularly in morally complex situations. A person with practical wisdom doesn’t rely solely on abstract principles but takes context into account, adjusting their actions based on the circumstances.

For example, a judge who carefully considers the law while also taking into account the unique situation of each case exemplifies practical wisdom. This form of wisdom is essential in leadership, conflict resolution, and decision-making in various professional contexts.

2. Philosophical Wisdom (Sophia)

Philosophical wisdom is concerned with the pursuit of deep, theoretical understanding. This type of wisdom is less about immediate action and more about contemplation and the search for truth. Philosophical wisdom is often attributed to individuals who dedicate themselves to exploring the nature of reality, existence, and moral ideals.

Figures like Confucius, Plato, and Immanuel Kant fall into this category. Their contributions to moral philosophy, metaphysics, and ethics continue to influence how we understand wisdom today.

3. Moral Wisdom

Moral wisdom is the capacity to distinguish right from wrong and to act in a manner that promotes ethical principles. It involves not only knowledge of ethical theories but the ability to apply those theories in complex, real-world situations. Moral wisdom often requires empathy and the ability to understand the perspectives of others.

This form of wisdom is especially valued in roles that require moral leadership, such as religious leaders, judges, and political figures who guide their decisions with integrity and a commitment to justice.

4. Emotional Wisdom

Emotional wisdom involves the understanding and regulation of emotions, both one’s own and others’. Individuals who are emotionally wise tend to display high levels of empathy, compassion, and emotional intelligence. They are skilled at maintaining balance in emotionally charged situations and are often seen as calming influences in conflict.

Emotional wisdom is crucial in personal relationships, counseling, mediation, and leadership roles where interpersonal dynamics play a key role. It helps individuals to avoid rash decisions made out of anger or fear and encourages thoughtful, empathetic responses to life’s challenges.

5. Social and Collective Wisdom

While wisdom is often discussed in individual terms, there is also a collective dimension to it. Social or collective wisdom emerges when a group of people comes together to make decisions that benefit society as a whole. This can be seen in democratic institutions, where collective wisdom ideally informs policies and laws.

The concept of collective wisdom suggests that communities and societies can grow wiser over time through shared experiences, dialogues, and the incorporation of diverse perspectives. The global environmental movement, for instance, is an example of collective wisdom aimed at addressing challenges that affect humanity as a whole.

Characteristics of Wisdom

Regardless of the type of wisdom, certain key characteristics are common across wise individuals and decisions. These traits help to distinguish wisdom from other forms of knowledge or expertise.

1. Humility

Wise individuals recognize their limitations and approach situations with a sense of humility. They understand that their knowledge is incomplete and are open to learning from others. This humility prevents them from becoming arrogant or closed-minded.

2. Empathy

Empathy is another hallmark of wisdom. A wise person has the ability to put themselves in the shoes of others, to understand their feelings, needs, and motivations. This empathy fosters compassion and moral action.

3. Patience

Patience allows wise individuals to consider the long-term implications of their actions rather than seeking immediate gratification. It also enables them to navigate complex problems without rushing to judgment.

4. Reflectiveness

Wisdom involves a high degree of self-reflection. Wise individuals frequently engage in introspection, learning from their experiences, and considering how they can improve. This self-awareness contributes to their ability to make thoughtful and informed decisions.

5. Emotional Regulation

The ability to regulate one’s emotions is key to wisdom. Wise individuals maintain calmness in the face of adversity, which allows them to act with clarity and reason rather than being swayed by emotional impulses.

Historical Profiles of Wisdom

History provides numerous examples of individuals revered for their wisdom. Below are profiles of three figures known for their wisdom, each demonstrating different aspects of the virtue.

1. Solomon (Biblical Figure)

King Solomon, son of David, is renowned for his wisdom, as described in the Hebrew Bible. According to the texts, Solomon’s wisdom was a divine gift, and he used it to govern Israel with justice. His most famous act of wisdom was his decision to resolve a dispute between two women claiming to be the mother of a child. Solomon suggested cutting the baby in half, a proposal that revealed the true mother, who preferred to give up her claim rather than see the child harmed.

Solomon’s wisdom extended beyond legal matters; he is also credited with writing many of the Proverbs, which contain timeless advice on living a moral and righteous life.

2. Confucius (551–479 BCE)

Confucius, the Chinese philosopher, was dedicated to promoting wisdom through moral education and self-cultivation. His teachings focused on the importance of virtue, proper conduct, and social harmony. He believed that wisdom came from the practice of ethical behavior and reflection on one’s place within society.

Confucius’ concept of ren (benevolence) is central to his philosophy, advocating for kindness, empathy, and the treatment of others as one would want to be treated. His wisdom laid the foundation for centuries of thought in East Asian cultures and continues to be influential today.

3. Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948)

Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of India’s nonviolent independence movement, embodied practical, moral, and emotional wisdom. Gandhi’s philosophy of ahimsa (nonviolence) and his dedication to truth (satya) were rooted in a deep sense of ethical wisdom. He understood that real change could not be achieved through violence but through patience, empathy, and moral conviction.

Gandhi’s wisdom also manifested in his ability to see beyond short-term goals and focus on the larger picture of justice and human dignity. His actions and teachings have inspired movements for civil rights and freedom worldwide.

The Application of Wisdom in Modern Society

In today’s complex and fast-paced world, wisdom is more important than ever. As we face global challenges such as climate change, political polarization, and social inequality, wisdom offers a guiding light for navigating these issues thoughtfully and ethically.

1. Wisdom in Leadership

Wise leadership is characterized by empathy, patience, and a long-term vision. Leaders who embody wisdom consider the well-being of their constituents, promote inclusivity, and act with integrity. They are adept at fostering dialogue, understanding diverse perspectives, and making decisions that benefit not just their immediate followers but society at large.

For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, many leaders faced the challenge of balancing public health measures with economic concerns. Wise leaders recognized the importance of transparent communication, empathy for affected communities, and collaboration with experts to navigate these difficult decisions. The ability to consider both immediate and long-term consequences exemplifies wise leadership.

2. Wisdom in Education

In educational settings, promoting wisdom involves fostering critical thinking, emotional intelligence, and ethical reasoning among students. Educators can create environments that encourage open dialogue, reflection, and the exploration of diverse perspectives. Teaching students to think critically about their decisions and understand the broader impact of their actions cultivates a generation equipped to face future challenges with wisdom.

Programs that emphasize social and emotional learning (SEL) help students develop skills related to self-awareness, empathy, and conflict resolution. These competencies not only enhance individual well-being but also contribute to creating a more compassionate and just society.

3. Wisdom in Conflict Resolution

Wisdom plays a crucial role in conflict resolution, whether in personal relationships, communities, or international relations. Wise mediators are able to listen actively, understand multiple viewpoints, and facilitate discussions that lead to collaborative solutions. They approach conflicts with an open mind, recognizing that resolution often requires compromise and mutual understanding.

For instance, restorative justice practices in criminal justice aim to heal relationships and promote accountability rather than punishment. This approach reflects a wise understanding of human behavior and the need for social healing, demonstrating that wisdom can transform conflict into opportunities for growth.

4. Wisdom in Personal Development

On a personal level, cultivating wisdom involves self-reflection, lifelong learning, and emotional growth. Individuals can develop wisdom by engaging in practices such as mindfulness, journaling, and seeking feedback from others. By reflecting on their experiences and learning from both successes and failures, people can enhance their understanding of themselves and the world around them.

The pursuit of wisdom also involves embracing humility and recognizing that learning is a continuous journey. This mindset encourages individuals to remain open to new ideas and perspectives, fostering personal growth and resilience.

5. Wisdom in Community and Social Justice

Communities that prioritize wisdom in their social justice efforts are more likely to create sustainable change. This involves listening to marginalized voices, understanding historical contexts, and promoting equitable solutions. Wise community leaders work to build coalitions that address systemic issues, ensuring that all community members are engaged in the decision-making process.

Moreover, collective wisdom can be harnessed through community dialogues, workshops, and participatory decision-making processes. By valuing diverse perspectives and experiences, communities can cultivate a deeper understanding of the issues they face and develop innovative solutions that reflect the needs and aspirations of all members.

Conclusion

Wisdom is a multifaceted virtue that encompasses practical, philosophical, moral, emotional, and collective dimensions. It is essential for navigating the complexities of life, making ethical decisions, and fostering social harmony. Through the exploration of historical figures like Solomon, Confucius, and Gandhi, we see how wisdom has been a guiding force throughout human history, shaping the course of societies and inspiring individuals to pursue justice, compassion, and understanding.

In our modern world, the need for wisdom is greater than ever. As we face unprecedented challenges, cultivating wisdom within ourselves, our communities, and our leaders can lead to more thoughtful decision-making, enhanced interpersonal relationships, and a commitment to the greater good. By embracing the characteristics and applications of wisdom, we can contribute to a more just, equitable, and compassionate society.

References

Aristotle. (2001). Nicomachean Ethics. (Translated by W. D. Ross). Dover Publications.

Confucius. (2014). The Analects. (Translated by Arthur Waley). Vintage Classics.

Gandhi, M. (1993). The Story of My Experiments with Truth. (Translated by Mahatma Gandhi). Beacon Press.

Sternberg, R. J. (2003). Wisdom, Intelligence, and Creativity Synthesized. Cambridge University Press.

Profiles of Wisdom

Introduction

Wisdom is one of humanity's most cherished virtues, representing not just knowledge but the application of that knowledge in a manner that is ethically sound and beneficial to society. Throughout history, wisdom has been pursued by philosophers, sages, religious leaders, and everyday individuals seeking to lead meaningful lives. From Aristotle’s concept of phronesis (practical wisdom) to the wisdom literature of the Bible, wisdom has been recognized as an essential element of human flourishing.

This paper will explore different aspects of wisdom, including its definition, types, characteristics, and historical profiles of wise individuals. Furthermore, it will discuss how wisdom is both personal and collective, and how it is applied in modern society. By understanding the diverse nature of wisdom, we can better appreciate its role in fostering human dignity, ethical decision-making, and personal well-being.

Defining Wisdom

What is Wisdom?

Wisdom has been defined in numerous ways throughout history. At its core, wisdom can be seen as the capacity to apply knowledge and experience in a manner that fosters well-being for oneself and others. It involves understanding the deeper principles of life, such as morality, justice, compassion, and humility. Unlike mere intelligence or cleverness, wisdom encompasses ethical discernment and a long-term perspective on actions and consequences.

The philosopher Socrates famously said, “I know that I know nothing,” which reflects the humility inherent in wisdom. Wisdom is not about knowing everything, but about recognizing the limits of one's knowledge and being open to learning.

Philosophical Definitions of Wisdom

In philosophical traditions, wisdom is often associated with the Greek concept of sophia, meaning deep understanding or theoretical knowledge. Aristotle further distinguished between sophia and phronesis (practical wisdom). While sophia relates to universal truths, phronesis concerns itself with navigating day-to-day challenges with sound moral judgment.

The Stoic philosophers, such as Marcus Aurelius and Seneca, believed that wisdom was the ultimate virtue, leading to a life of tranquility and alignment with nature’s order. Stoic wisdom involves self-control, resilience, and acceptance of things beyond one’s control.

Psychological Definitions of Wisdom

From a psychological perspective, wisdom is viewed as a complex trait encompassing cognitive, reflective, and affective dimensions. Psychologist Robert Sternberg’s balance theory of wisdom defines it as “the ability to balance self-interest, the interests of others, and larger societal concerns when making decisions.” Wisdom is thus about finding a balance between competing values, emotions, and social interests.

Research also shows that wisdom is closely tied to emotional regulation, empathy, and a tolerance for ambiguity. Wise individuals are better able to navigate life’s uncertainties and complexities, helping them to make more compassionate and considered decisions.

Types of Wisdom

Wisdom is not a monolithic concept, and different types of wisdom are recognized depending on context. These types often overlap, but it’s helpful to distinguish between them to better understand how wisdom manifests in various aspects of life.

1. Practical Wisdom (Phronesis)

Practical wisdom is the ability to make sound decisions in real-world situations. It involves knowing what to do and when to do it, particularly in morally complex situations. A person with practical wisdom doesn’t rely solely on abstract principles but takes context into account, adjusting their actions based on the circumstances.

For example, a judge who carefully considers the law while also taking into account the unique situation of each case exemplifies practical wisdom. This form of wisdom is essential in leadership, conflict resolution, and decision-making in various professional contexts.

2. Philosophical Wisdom (Sophia)

Philosophical wisdom is concerned with the pursuit of deep, theoretical understanding. This type of wisdom is less about immediate action and more about contemplation and the search for truth. Philosophical wisdom is often attributed to individuals who dedicate themselves to exploring the nature of reality, existence, and moral ideals.

Figures like Confucius, Plato, and Immanuel Kant fall into this category. Their contributions to moral philosophy, metaphysics, and ethics continue to influence how we understand wisdom today.

3. Moral Wisdom

Moral wisdom is the capacity to distinguish right from wrong and to act in a manner that promotes ethical principles. It involves not only knowledge of ethical theories but the ability to apply those theories in complex, real-world situations. Moral wisdom often requires empathy and the ability to understand the perspectives of others.

This form of wisdom is especially valued in roles that require moral leadership, such as religious leaders, judges, and political figures who guide their decisions with integrity and a commitment to justice.

4. Emotional Wisdom

Emotional wisdom involves the understanding and regulation of emotions, both one’s own and others’. Individuals who are emotionally wise tend to display high levels of empathy, compassion, and emotional intelligence. They are skilled at maintaining balance in emotionally charged situations and are often seen as calming influences in conflict.

Emotional wisdom is crucial in personal relationships, counseling, mediation, and leadership roles where interpersonal dynamics play a key role. It helps individuals to avoid rash decisions made out of anger or fear and encourages thoughtful, empathetic responses to life’s challenges.

5. Social and Collective Wisdom

While wisdom is often discussed in individual terms, there is also a collective dimension to it. Social or collective wisdom emerges when a group of people comes together to make decisions that benefit society as a whole. This can be seen in democratic institutions, where collective wisdom ideally informs policies and laws.

The concept of collective wisdom suggests that communities and societies can grow wiser over time through shared experiences, dialogues, and the incorporation of diverse perspectives. The global environmental movement, for instance, is an example of collective wisdom aimed at addressing challenges that affect humanity as a whole.

Characteristics of Wisdom

Regardless of the type of wisdom, certain key characteristics are common across wise individuals and decisions. These traits help to distinguish wisdom from other forms of knowledge or expertise.

1. Humility

Wise individuals recognize their limitations and approach situations with a sense of humility. They understand that their knowledge is incomplete and are open to learning from others. This humility prevents them from becoming arrogant or closed-minded.

2. Empathy

Empathy is another hallmark of wisdom. A wise person has the ability to put themselves in the shoes of others, to understand their feelings, needs, and motivations. This empathy fosters compassion and moral action.

3. Patience

Patience allows wise individuals to consider the long-term implications of their actions rather than seeking immediate gratification. It also enables them to navigate complex problems without rushing to judgment.

4. Reflectiveness

Wisdom involves a high degree of self-reflection. Wise individuals frequently engage in introspection, learning from their experiences, and considering how they can improve. This self-awareness contributes to their ability to make thoughtful and informed decisions.

5. Emotional Regulation

The ability to regulate one’s emotions is key to wisdom. Wise individuals maintain calmness in the face of adversity, which allows them to act with clarity and reason rather than being swayed by emotional impulses.

Historical Profiles of Wisdom

History provides numerous examples of individuals revered for their wisdom. Below are profiles of three figures known for their wisdom, each demonstrating different aspects of the virtue.

1. Solomon (Biblical Figure)

King Solomon, son of David, is renowned for his wisdom, as described in the Hebrew Bible. According to the texts, Solomon’s wisdom was a divine gift, and he used it to govern Israel with justice. His most famous act of wisdom was his decision to resolve a dispute between two women claiming to be the mother of a child. Solomon suggested cutting the baby in half, a proposal that revealed the true mother, who preferred to give up her claim rather than see the child harmed.

Solomon’s wisdom extended beyond legal matters; he is also credited with writing many of the Proverbs, which contain timeless advice on living a moral and righteous life.

2. Confucius (551–479 BCE)

Confucius, the Chinese philosopher, was dedicated to promoting wisdom through moral education and self-cultivation. His teachings focused on the importance of virtue, proper conduct, and social harmony. He believed that wisdom came from the practice of ethical behavior and reflection on one’s place within society.

Confucius’ concept of ren (benevolence) is central to his philosophy, advocating for kindness, empathy, and the treatment of others as one would want to be treated. His wisdom laid the foundation for centuries of thought in East Asian cultures and continues to be influential today.

3. Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948)

Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of India’s nonviolent independence movement, embodied practical, moral, and emotional wisdom. Gandhi’s philosophy of ahimsa (nonviolence) and his dedication to truth (satya) were rooted in a deep sense of ethical wisdom. He understood that real change could not be achieved through violence but through patience, empathy, and moral conviction.

Gandhi’s wisdom also manifested in his ability to see beyond short-term goals and focus on the larger picture of justice and human dignity. His actions and teachings have inspired movements for civil rights and freedom worldwide.

The Application of Wisdom in Modern Society

In today’s complex and fast-paced world, wisdom is more important than ever. As we face global challenges such as climate change, political polarization, and social inequality, wisdom offers a guiding light for navigating these issues thoughtfully and ethically.

1. Wisdom in Leadership

Wise leadership is characterized by empathy, patience, and a long-term vision. Leaders who embody wisdom consider the well-being of their constituents, promote inclusivity, and act with integrity. They are adept at fostering dialogue, understanding diverse perspectives, and making decisions that benefit not just their immediate followers but society at large.

For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, many leaders faced the challenge of balancing public health measures with economic concerns. Wise leaders recognized the importance of transparent communication, empathy for affected communities, and collaboration with experts to navigate these difficult decisions. The ability to consider both immediate and long-term consequences exemplifies wise leadership.

2. Wisdom in Education

In educational settings, promoting wisdom involves fostering critical thinking, emotional intelligence, and ethical reasoning among students. Educators can create environments that encourage open dialogue, reflection, and the exploration of diverse perspectives. Teaching students to think critically about their decisions and understand the broader impact of their actions cultivates a generation equipped to face future challenges with wisdom.

Programs that emphasize social and emotional learning (SEL) help students develop skills related to self-awareness, empathy, and conflict resolution. These competencies not only enhance individual well-being but also contribute to creating a more compassionate and just society.

3. Wisdom in Conflict Resolution

Wisdom plays a crucial role in conflict resolution, whether in personal relationships, communities, or international relations. Wise mediators are able to listen actively, understand multiple viewpoints, and facilitate discussions that lead to collaborative solutions. They approach conflicts with an open mind, recognizing that resolution often requires compromise and mutual understanding.

For instance, restorative justice practices in criminal justice aim to heal relationships and promote accountability rather than punishment. This approach reflects a wise understanding of human behavior and the need for social healing, demonstrating that wisdom can transform conflict into opportunities for growth.

4. Wisdom in Personal Development

On a personal level, cultivating wisdom involves self-reflection, lifelong learning, and emotional growth. Individuals can develop wisdom by engaging in practices such as mindfulness, journaling, and seeking feedback from others. By reflecting on their experiences and learning from both successes and failures, people can enhance their understanding of themselves and the world around them.

The pursuit of wisdom also involves embracing humility and recognizing that learning is a continuous journey. This mindset encourages individuals to remain open to new ideas and perspectives, fostering personal growth and resilience.

5. Wisdom in Community and Social Justice

Communities that prioritize wisdom in their social justice efforts are more likely to create sustainable change. This involves listening to marginalized voices, understanding historical contexts, and promoting equitable solutions. Wise community leaders work to build coalitions that address systemic issues, ensuring that all community members are engaged in the decision-making process.

Moreover, collective wisdom can be harnessed through community dialogues, workshops, and participatory decision-making processes. By valuing diverse perspectives and experiences, communities can cultivate a deeper understanding of the issues they face and develop innovative solutions that reflect the needs and aspirations of all members.

Conclusion

Wisdom is a multifaceted virtue that encompasses practical, philosophical, moral, emotional, and collective dimensions. It is essential for navigating the complexities of life, making ethical decisions, and fostering social harmony. Through the exploration of historical figures like Solomon, Confucius, and Gandhi, we see how wisdom has been a guiding force throughout human history, shaping the course of societies and inspiring individuals to pursue justice, compassion, and understanding.

In our modern world, the need for wisdom is greater than ever. As we face unprecedented challenges, cultivating wisdom within ourselves, our communities, and our leaders can lead to more thoughtful decision-making, enhanced interpersonal relationships, and a commitment to the greater good. By embracing the characteristics and applications of wisdom, we can contribute to a more just, equitable, and compassionate society.

The concept of wisdom

 encompasses various dimensions, including practical, philosophical, moral, emotional, and collective aspects. Wisdom is defined as the ability to apply knowledge and experience to make sound judgments and ethical decisions[1][2]. It involves humility, empathy, patience, reflectiveness, and emotional regulation[1][3].

Historically, figures like Solomon, Confucius, and Gandhi exemplify wisdom through their actions and teachings. In modern society, wisdom is crucial in leadership, education, conflict resolution, personal development, and community efforts[2][4]. Understanding wisdom's diverse nature helps in fostering ethical decision-making and personal well-being.

Citations:

[1] Wisdom - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom

[2] Wisdom - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wisdom/

[3] Wisdom: Definition, Operations & Types - Lesson - Study.com https://study.com/academy/lesson/wisdom-definition-operations-types.html

[4] The 5 Character Strengths of Wisdom in Positive Psychology https://positivepsychology.com/wisdom/

[5] Wisdom Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wisdom

[6] Wisdom | Psychology Today Canada https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/basics/wisdom

[7] Wisdom: Meaning, structure, types, arguments, and future concerns https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358384654_Wisdom_Meaning_structure_types_arguments_and_future_concerns

References

Aristotle. (2001). Nicomachean Ethics. (Translated by W. D. Ross). Dover Publications.

Confucius. (2014). The Analects. (Translated by Arthur Waley). Vintage Classics.

Gandhi, M. (1993). The Story of My Experiments with Truth. (Translated by Mahatma Gandhi). Beacon Press.

R. J. (2003). Wisdom, Intelligence, and Creativity Synthesized. Cambridge University Press.

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